VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT

In English writing,vocabulary is an indispensable part which can decide the quality of the essay.Once you develop stronger vocabulary,you will find it easy writing a good article.However,how to vary vocabulary appropriately is not clear among a number of English learners.And in the below, there are 8 good measures to develop vacabulary ability.

1.learn categories:

think about words as a part of groups.

for example:

body------throat,rib,ankle,neck,shoulder,elbow,knee,wrist

2.journal&sticky notes:

carry a notebook and write down words that seem important.later,you can look them up and write sentences using them.another thing to do is to use sticky noted as labels.

3.collocations:

a combination of words that appear together frequently.

For example,consume energy,generate electricity,fossil fuels

4.mnemonics

develop a way to create your own mnemonics

5.speak it,write it

once you learn a new word,put it into use.

6.area specific

learning words related to a particular area,such as job-related or study area related.For example:Business English——benefit premium,cash surplus

7.observation journal

sit somewhere and name everything you can see.

8.spaced repetition(SRS)

learning technique that increases time between reviews of words（maybe Ebbinghaus memory curve）

From my perspective,learning a new language is a tough task.Unless you find the efficient method,you will never get good command of it.

就我自己来说，背单词的方法可能和老师所说的不太一样；相比起单背单词，我更喜欢将词伙放在一起背诵。比如说：威胁是threat 然后职业是career，那么威胁到职业是不是threat the career，看起来也可以，但是这种用法就不是很地道。这里的话换用jeopardise会更好一些。

In a word，背单词方法千千万，适合自己的才是最好的。

How to write a good essay in English?

Writing In English has been a tough task among students and English learners.And the rest of the course just points out main skills of writing and the solutions to tackle various errors.

英语写作一直是让学生和各界英语学习者们头疼的任务，在《英语写作指导》剩下的课程（第三章至第五章里，这门课主要讲了一些写作技巧和应对写作中的常见错误的方法。

1.      how to deal with common errors?

怎么来应对常见的错误呢？

When you are writing,you usually make some mistakes,such as wordiness,misspellings and grammatical mistakes.

当你在写作的时候，你经常会犯一些错误，例如：句子冗长，拼写错误和语法错误。

Wordiness is using more words than you need to in order to write what you mean. Everyone has a tendency to be too wordy at times. Some of the causes of this wordiness are:

句子冗长指使用多余的单词使句子变得繁杂琐碎。造成这个现象的原因有：

- Trying to sound too formal or academic.

尝试写得更加正式或学术

- Not knowing more precise vocabulary.

不知道一些更加适合的准确的单词

- Using too many unnecessary and vague modifiers.

使用一些不必要的，含糊不清的修饰

- Using too many prepositional phrases or possessives.

使用太多介词短语和所有格

Some steps to take to reduce wordiness when reviewing your work:

一些可以减少句子冗长的步骤

1.      enlarge your vocabulary，use words rather than phrases.

扩充单词量，用精确的单词替代长词组

2.      use subordinate clause to merge simple sentence

将单句合并，形成从句

3.      write relevant sentences and reduce personal opinions

文章要切题，减少对个人主观意见的阐述

Spelling in English is notorious for its inconsistency. There are many approaches to learning spelling, but most of them rely on practice. This means writing down words a lot, and perhaps writing a problem word several times until you see what it should look like. 

英语的拼写因其不一致而臭名昭著。有很多方法来学会正确的拼写，其中最常用的方法就是练习。这就意味着不停地把单词写下来并且也许在你发现之前一直在抄写一个错误的单词。

Learning to spell correctly does not have to be boring. There are several ways to practice spelling without just memorizing word lists or rules.

学会正确的拼写并不一定是无聊的过程，有很多方法来学习拼写而不是仅仅记忆单词表或者规则。

1.      remember spell correctly by identifying pronunciation

通过辨识发音来记忆拼写的规律（学习音标的时候是通过单词的字母组合来确定它的发音，反过来也是一样的道理）

2.      remember by grouping the words

单词分组来记忆，可以选择读音相近或者意思相近的单词进行组合记忆

（关于单词的内容在第一章就有详细的讲解，此外要注意英式和美式英语的区别，不要在一篇文章中使用两种英语拼写规范）

Learning grammar can be a long process. If you are relatively new to English, you may feel you're never going to get it right. Even if you've been studying for years, or are a native speaker, correct written grammar may still elude you. The key is to develop a process of learning and remembering correct grammar that works for you.

语法的学习是一个很长的过程。如果你是完全的英语新人，你很难将它真正学会。就算你已经学了很多年的英语，语法依然会令你头疼。学习语法的关键是找到最适合自己的学习记忆方法。

1. Practice

It seems a cliché, but if you don't use English, your grammar will be less likely to improve. This means not only writing in English regularly, but also speaking it as often as you can.

学习的最有效途径就是练习，看美剧，BBC新闻，和外国友人对话就很利于练习口语和听力。

2. Do your own triage

Look at a table of contents from a grammar book or website. Note any points that you feel you need to work on. Then, make a schedule for learning, practicing, and reviewing those points.

做好学习归类，规划好学习的时间和步骤。

3. Make grammar notes on your reading

When you read in English, make notes of any grammatical structure you notice that you don't normally use in your own writing. Then, practice writing some sentences using that structure, varying the vocabulary.

把在阅读中遇到的语法点记录下来，并试着自己去写出来。

4.  Find resources

Find some books or online sources for grammar learning. Identify the ones that you find enjoyable and informative.

找到学习语法的资源，书，网络课程等。